IEEE and IEC standards reference numerous tests that can be performed to evaluate the condition of a transformer. One of these is Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) where low voltage, multi-frequency sweeps are performed on the transformer. The...

Power factor (PF) and dissipation factor (DF) tests are widely used to assess the condition of the insulation in transformers and other electrical assets. The first article in this short series (which is still available online) took a brief look at the...

Electrical installations must be designed to make sure that, in the event of a fault, the resulting short circuit current (prospective short circuit current or PSCC) does not exceed the maximum breaking capacity of the circuit breaker. Otherwise the fault...

Not long ago, the need to measure earth resistivity or the resistance of an earth electrode was, for most engineers, a rare occurrence. With the advent of small generating schemes and, in particular, solar and wind energy schemes, this situation has changed...